SELECT in DATABASE

Here I will explain how to make a SELECT in the database.

        1.  SELECT e.last_name, e.departement_id,
           d.departement_name
           FROM tbemployee e, tbdepartement d
          WHERE e.departement_id = d.departement_id;  

2. SELECT DISTINCT job_id, location_id
FROM tbemployee, tbdepartement
WHERE tbemployee.departement_id =
tbdepartement.departement_id
AND tbemployee.departement_id = 80;

3. SELECT e.last_name, d.departement_name,
d.location_id, l.city
FROM tbemployee e, tbdepartement d, tblocation l
WHERE e.departement_id = d.departement_id
AND d.location_id = l.location_id
AND e.commision IS NOT NULL;

4   







     4. SELECT last_name, departement_name

FROM tbemployee, tbdepartement
WHERE tbemployee.departement_id =
tbdepartement.departement_id
AND last_name LIKE '%a%';

5. SELECT e.last_name, e.job_id,
e.departement_id, d.departement_name
FROM tbemployee e JOIN tbdepartement d
ON (e.departement_id = d.departement_id)
JOIN tblocation l
ON (d.location_id = l.location_id)
WHERE LOWER(l.city) = 'toronto';

6. SELECT employee_id, first_name,last_name,salary*12
FROM tbemployee
WHERE departement_id = 60 or departement_id = 90;

7. SELECT e.employee_id, e.first_name, e.last_name, e.salary*12
FROM tbemployee e, tbdepartement d
WHERE e.departement_id = d.departement_id
AND LOWER(d.departement_name) = 'it';

8. SELECT d.departement_id, (

SELECT AVG(salary*12)

FROM tbemployee e
WHERE e.departement_id = d.departement_id)
FROM tbdepartement d;

                                                              

9. SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name,e.salary,

d.departement_name, l.city, l.country_id
FROM tbemployee e JOIN tbdepartement d
ON (e.departement_id = d.departement_id)
JOIN tblocation l
ON (d.location_id = l.location_id)
WHERE LOWER(l.city) = 'toronto';

10.  CREATE TABLE tbemployee2 AS (
SELECT e.employee_id, e.first_name, e.last_name,e.email,e.phone_number,e.hire_date,e.job_id, e.salary, e.commision, e.manager_id, e.departement_id, e.address
FROM tbemployee e, tbdepartement d
WHERE e.departement_id = d.departement_id
AND LOWER( d.departement_name ) = 'it');

I Already example of how to use SELECT in database.

And the results are listed along with the script.

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7 Amazing Jain Temple in India

7 Amazing Jain Temple in India

Jainism (Jainism / Jain) is an old religion in India origin side by side with Hindus. Some semblance of Jainism and Hindu teachings lead to the assumption that religion is one of the sects of Hinduism.

The fundamental difference between Jainism and Hinduism looks at Astika and Nastika. Schools in India divided on 2 principles. That principle holds Astika accept the authority of the Vedas as the scriptural beliefs and involve Brahmani. Nyaya, Mimamsa, and Yoga including Astika based teachings, and means Hindu groups.

While schools are principled Nastika reject the Vedas and scriptures used by Hindus. More basing Jainism their non-violent beliefs.

Mahatma Gandhi was a great man who adopted many teachings Jainsime like: Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (honesty), Asteya (not stealing), Brahmacharya (mind control), and Aparigraha (not pursue worldly possessions). However, there is no concrete evidence whether Gandhi or Hindu followers of Jainism.

Currently, there were about 4.2 million followers of Jainism in India alone. While including the religious minorities, they have many beautiful temples as seen below:

1. Lal Mandir

Drawn Shri Lal Jain Mandir is the oldest temple of Jainism in India. Built in 1526, and experienced a lot of growth, especially since the 19th century. This temple of red sandstone material.

2. Sonagiri

Sonagiri Temple situated on a hill top town of Sonagiri (meaning: gold peak). The pilgrims and tourists who visit are required to climb 300 stairs in bare feet.

3. Khajuraho Jain

Khajuraho village is one of the most popular tourist destinations in India. In this village there are many temples for Hindus and Jainism which had stood since the year 950 to 1150 AD

4. Gomateshwara

At the top of the hill there is a statue of Shravanabelagola town Gomateshwara, he was the second son of the god Adinatha, the first of the 24 people on earth who "enlightened" (Tirthankara). 17.38 meters high, built around the year 983 AD by Chavundaraya, minister of the Kingdom of the Ganges.

Once every 12 years Mahamastakabhisheka festival held in this place. Namely bathe Gomateshwara statue with milk, saffron and gold coins.

5. Dilwara

Dilwara temple complex is so beautiful because it is made of marble. Carvings are so detailed and looks at the ceiling, doors, and pillars of the temple. There are five Jain temples here, each with a unique identity and is named after the small village where it is located. All the temples built by Chalukya dynasty between the 11th and 13th centuries.

6. Palitana

Palitana town is a major pilgrimage center for the followers of Jain. The temples of Palitana is considered the most sacred pilgrimage place in Jainism. There are hundreds of Jain temples situated on the holy mountain Shatrunjaya, beautifully engraved in marble. Built by Jain followers generations for 900 years, since the 11th century.

7. Ranakpur

Dedicated to Adinatha, Ranakpur Jain Temple looks magnificent on the hillside. There are over 1444 marble pillars in the temple, and all very beautiful carved.

The construction of this temple symbolizes the Tirthankara conquest of the four cardinal directions. There is still much debate about Ranakpur development time, but it was probably built between the 14th and mid-15th century AD.

That's what I'm talking about little temples in India Images.

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How to Install Linux Debian version 6.0 Squeeze

Install Linux Debian

        Yups, Debian 6.0 "Squeeze" has been officially released 

on February 6, 2011. 

Unlike other Linux distributions. Distributions that have many derivatives is highly prioritizes stability. No wonder if the distance release has a very long span of time. However, as the Open Source Lover's, this is not a problem.
Well, this time we will try to explain the steps to install this Linux Debian 6.0.


INSTALLATION STEPS:

• Burning ISO image on a piece earlier Debian 6.0 DVD. You can also restore the ISO image on a Debian 6.0 had USB flash / external hard drive if you want to install without using a DVD ROM / Drive. Insyallah steps install it via USB flash / external hard drive which we will discuss in the next article. 
• Setting the BIOS to boot from the DVD ROM / USB flash. 
• Booting Debian 6.0 DVD / USB flash. 
• On the installer screen select Advanced Boot Options menu, press Enter. 

• Choose Alternative Desktop Environment. On the Menu select KDE Desktop Environment (You can also choose Xfce LXDE or to taste).
• On screen KDE Graphical Boot Menu select Install to perform the installation in graphical mode / GUI.
• My advice on the Select Language option, we choose only English for easy setting.

• Next, because we will choose Indonesia as our domicile, then the window Select your location select other, then select and select Asia Indonesia.
• Then select the Configure Locales United States en_us.UTF-8.
• To Configure Keyboard select American English.
• Wait a while until the Load Installer Components of DVD completed.

• On the Configure the Network to allow the appropriate Hostname default (debian). For Domain name left blank.
• Set up users and passwords for the root password enter your password and try again in the Re-enter password to verify.
• For the full name for the new user can fill fit your full name. Advised not to use a space to separate the first name and last name. And the username for your account type in your first name to make it more memorable.
• Choose a password for the new user input the password but not to the same root password, because as we later Users can also make the management system without having to login as root so it is relatively safer.
• Configure the Clock choose Jakarta as Time Zone. Or it could be another appropriate city of residence.
• Next is a step partition your hard drive, consider the well to avoid that fatal mistake.
• If you install Debian 6.0 as the sole OS on your computer, you better select Guided - use entire disk on Partition method.
• For those of you who want a multiboot OS (many OS on 1 computer) select Manual only.
• For example here we have a space of 8.6 GB hard drive that will be us for the 8GB for the root (/) and the rest as SWAP area. So that must be addressed:
• FREE SPACE and click on Continue.

• Select the Create a New Partition to start the disk partition.
• This time due to hard drive space that we have 8.6 GB for the New partition size then we fill 8 GB.
• In Type for the new partition select Primary. On Location partition select Beginning.
• Next change the bootable flag to On> Done setting up the partition> Continue.

• For setting the SWAP partition on the rest of the hard drive, click on the FREE SPACE.
• Create a new partition> Size let alone match printed reply. Type for new partition select Logical.

Tip: Swap is usually set at 2x the amount of RAM you use.

Example: I use RAM 1 GB (1024 MB). Then swap partition that I had to make 2GB (2048 MB).

If you have more than 2 GB of RAM, then the swap fairly allocated 2 GB only.

• For Use as: select Swap Area. Bootable flag: off and Done setting up the partition.
• Well, now the partition you are ready, click Finish partitioning and write changes to disk. Click Yes to Write the changes to disk?.
• Time to wait for the base installation of Debian 6.0 system.

• Configure the packet manager> Scan another CD or DVD? Select Yes if you have a package repository and click No if not.
• Use a network mirror? This is the absolute choice for those of you who do not have a package repository. Click Yes. Note: You must already be connected to the Internet to get a package of this repository.
• On Debian archive mirror select Indonesia, for FTP mirrors please you like this time we chose cdn.debian.net server as its source list.

• In the Software Selection You can choose a complementary application that you want. Our advice, because later Debian 6.0 is only used as a Desktop OS only and not as a server. Then check the Graphical Desktop Environment, Laptops and Standard system Utilities only to complement the application.
• We wait until the process is complete install package.
• Then, the application installation process is complete. Time to configure GRUB.

• Select Yes, for those of you who are using Debian 6.0 as a single OS.
• Wait a moment and Complete Installation.

• Restart to begin operating.
• At the Welcome Screen please login suit your username and password.

• This is Debian 6.0 + KDE desktop you!!!

• Looks all so innocent .... . Hmmmm should be given a little change, let cool ....
• For example, you can see my current desktop.

• So How to Install Linux Debian 6.0 Squeeze. Easy is not it?

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All About Linux Debian

Linux Debian

Now, the latest version is version 6.0 Debian squeeze


WHAT is Debian?

The Debian Project is an association of individuals who have made common cause to create a free operating system. This operating system that we have created is called Debian.

An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your computer run. At the core of an operating system is the kernel. The kernel is the most fundamental program on the computer and does all the basic housekeeping and lets you start other programs.

Debian systems currently use the Linux kernel or the FreeBSD kernel. Linux is a piece of software started by Linus Torvalds and supported by thousands of programmers worldwide. FreeBSD is an operating system including a kernel and other software.

However, work is in progress to provide Debian for other kernels, primarily for the Hurd. The Hurd is a collection of servers that run on top of a microkernel (such as Mach) to implement different features. The Hurd is free software produced by the GNU project.

A large part of the basic tools that fill out the operating system come from the GNU project; hence the names: GNU/Linux, GNU/kFreeBSD and GNU/Hurd. These tools are also free.

Of course, the thing that people want is application software: programs to help them get what they want to do done, from editing documents to running a business to playing games to writing more software. Debian comes with over 29000 packages (precompiled software that is bundled up in a nice format for easy installation on your machine) — all of it free.

It's a bit like a tower. At the base is the kernel. On top of that are all the basic tools. Next is all the software that you run on the computer. At the top of the tower is Debian — carefully organizing and fitting everything so it all works together.

It's all free?

You may be wondering: why would people spend hours of their own time to write software, carefully package it, and then give it all away? The answers are as varied as the people who contribute. Some people like to help others. Many write programs to learn more about computers. More and more people are looking for ways to avoid the inflated price of software. A growing crowd contribute as a thank you for all the great free software they've received from others. Many in academia create free software to help get the results of their research into wider use. Businesses help maintain free software so they can have a say in how it develops -- there's no quicker way to get a new feature than to implement it yourself! Of course, a lot of us just find it great fun.

Debian is so committed to free software that we thought it would be useful if that commitment was formalized in a written document. Thus, our Social Contract was born.

Although Debian believes in free software, there are cases where people want or need to put non-free software on their machine. Whenever possible Debian will support this. There are even a growing number of packages whose sole job is to install non-free software into a Debian system.

You say free, but the CDs/bandwidth cost money!

You might be asking: If the software is free, then why do I have to pay a vendor for a CD, or pay an ISP for downloading?

When buying a CD, you are paying for someone's time, capital outlay to make the disks, and risk (in case they don't sell them all). In other words, you are paying for a physical medium used to deliver the software, not for the software itself.

When we use the word "free", we are referring to software freedom, not that it's without cost. You can read more on what we mean by "free software" and what the Free Software Foundation says on that subject.

Most software costs over 100 US dollars. How can you give it away?

A better question is how do software companies get away with charging so much? Software is not like making a car. Once you've made one copy of your software, the production costs to make a million more are tiny (there's a good reason Microsoft has so many billions in the bank).

Look at it another way: if you had an endless supply of sand in your backyard, you might be willing to give sand away. It would be foolish, though, to pay for a truck to take it to others. You would make them come and get it themselves (equivalent to downloading off the net) or they can pay someone else to deliver it to their door (equivalent to buying a CD). This is exactly how Debian operates and why most of the CDs/DVDs are so cheap (only about 12 USD for 4 DVDs).

Debian does not make any money from the sale of CDs. At the same time, money is needed to pay for expenses such as domain registration and hardware. Thus, we ask that you buy from one of the CD vendors that donates a portion of your purchase to Debian.

What hardware is supported?

Debian will run on almost all personal computers, including most older models. Each new release of Debian generally supports a larger number of computer architectures. For a complete list of currently supported ones, see the documentation for the stable release.

Almost all common hardware is supported. If you would like to be sure that all the devices connected to your machine are supported, check out the Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO.

There are a few companies that make support difficult by not releasing specifications for their hardware. This means you might not be able to use their hardware with GNU/Linux. Some companies provide non-free drivers, but that is a problem because the company could later go out of business or stop support for the hardware you have. We recommend that you only purchase hardware from manufacturers that provide free drivers for their products.

I'm looking for more information.

You may want to check out our FAQ.

I'm still not convinced.

Don't take our word for it - try Debian yourself. Since hard disk space has become less expensive, you can probably spare about 2GB. If you don't want or need a graphical desktop, 600MB are sufficient. Debian can be easily installed on this extra space and can coexist with your existing OS. If you eventually need more space, you can simply delete one of your OSes (and after you see the power of a Debian system, we are confident you won't delete Debian).

As trying a new operating system will take some of your valuable time, it is understandable that you may have reservations. For this reason we compiled a list of pros and cons of Debian. This should help you decide whether you think it's worth it. We hope you'll appreciate our honesty and frankness.

How do I get Debian?

It's most popular to install Debian from a CD which you can buy for the price of the media at one of our many CD vendors. If you have good Internet access, you can download and install Debian over the Internet.

Please see our page about getting Debian for more information.

If you haven't yet, you may want to first look at the Linux Hardware Compatibility HOWTO.

Don't forget to take a look through the packages we offer (hopefully you won't be intimidated by the sheer number).

I can't set it up all by myself. How do I get support for Debian?

You can get help by reading the documentation which is available both on the web site and in packages you can install on your system. You can also contact us via the mailing lists or using IRC. One can even hire a consultant to do the work.

Please see our documentation and support pages for more information.

Who are you all anyway?

Debian is produced by almost a thousand active developers spread around the world who volunteer in their spare time. Few of the developers have actually met in person. Communication is done primarily through e-mail (mailing lists at lists.debian.org) and IRC (#debian channel at irc.debian.org).

The Debian Project has a carefully organized structure. For more information on how Debian looks from the inside, please feel free to browse the developers' corner.

Who uses Debian?

Although no precise statistics are available (since Debian does not require users to register), evidence is quite strong that Debian is used by a wide range of organizations, large and small, as well as many thousands of individuals. See our Who's using Debian? page for a list of high-profile organizations which have submitted short descriptions of how and why they use Debian.

How'd it all get started?

Debian was begun in August 1993 by Ian Murdock, as a new distribution which would be made openly, in the spirit of Linux and GNU. Debian was meant to be carefully and conscientiously put together, and to be maintained and supported with similar care. It started as a small, tightly-knit group of Free Software hackers, and gradually grew to become a large, well-organized community of developers and users. See the detailed history.

Since many people have asked, Debian is pronounced /ˈde.bi.ən/. It comes from the names of the creator of Debian, Ian Murdock, and his wife, Debra.

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Meaning Bending in Japan

Meaning Bending in Japan

How bowed the right is part of an important social ethics in Japan. President Barack Obama looks awkward when he tried to shake hands with Emperor Akihito at the same time bowing.

Some U.S. media with vigorous anti-Obama, saying the president criticized violate protocol or too worship.

According to professor of Asian Studies at Temple University in Tokyo, Jeff Kingston, in Japan alone no one offended by Obama's actions. Japanese media even preach this case as an aspect of American life that are difficult to understand.

How leaned back in the news when the Toyota automotive company apologized for the withdrawal of car-mobilnya.Dalam statement to the media last February 5, Toyota president Akio Toyoda apologized to bend over a little as if the Japanese neighbor accidentally meet in front of the house.

Whereas in the previous two weeks he did not appear at all when the company faced many complaints about the brake and gas pedal so as to make the company's stock fell 20%. It is clear that the way Toyoda bowed not meet people's expectations.

Japanese Media

Japanese media are usually polite, bluntly said Toyoda attitude was late and inadequate. In Japan, the deeper the more he bent down and bowed as if he meant showing respect or remorse.

With just a little bent, and second, the attitude shown is like a person who becomes angry at your boss. While hunched his shoulders and went straight gesture like a child who scolded.

While attitudes repeatedly bowed down to the waist with an apology occurs in extreme circumstances such as a car mechanic damaging consumers but is still charging large. But general bowing in Japan is a sign of the body repeatedly done even without realizing the interaction with everyone .

Zen Culture

When the show for the second time in front of the media on February 9, Akio Toyoda bowed deeper and more solemn. But in a news conference, Toyoda faces look very bleak, but the meeting was intended to dampen criticism of the company. He looked uncomfortable facing critical questions on the performance of the car.

Toyoda became Toyota's top leaders because his grandfather was the founder of the company. He was a shy and does not like to appear in public, such as Apple's CEO, Steve Jobs.

In addition, he comes from Zen culture that emphasizes silence and stoic, which is more concerned with action than words. With a calm and serious demeanor he wants to show its determination to restore his family's honor and restore consumer confidence. Then at the end of the press conference, he bowed in a way that shows remorse and sincerity.

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History of Linux Ubuntu

Ubuntu  is a computer operating system based on the Debian Linux distribution and distributed as free and open source software, using its own desktop environment. It is named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu ("humanity towards others").

As of 2012, according to online surveys, Ubuntu is the most popular Linux distribution on desktop/laptop personal computers,and most Ubuntu coverage focuses on its use in that market. However, it is also popular on servers and for cloud computing.
Development of Ubuntu is led by Canonical, Ltd., a UK-based company owned by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of technical support and services related to Ubuntu, and since version 12.10, by displaying advertisements in Unity Dash, the default file manager in desktop Ubuntu. According to Canonical, the Ubuntu project is committed to the principles of free software development; people are encouraged to use free software, improve it, and distribute it.

History and development process

Ubuntu is a fork of the Debian project's codebase. The original aim of the Ubuntu developers was to create an easy-to-use Linux desktop with new releases scheduled on a predictable six-month basis, resulting in a frequently updated system.
Ubuntu's first release was on 20 October 2004. Since then, Canonical has released new versions of Ubuntu every six months with commitment to support each release for eighteen months by providing security fixes, patches to critical bugs and minor updates to programs. It was decided that every fourth release, issued on a two-year basis, would receive long-term support (LTS). LTS releases were traditionally supported for three years on the desktop and five years on the server.However with the release of Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, desktop support for LTS releases was extended to five years (for example, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS is scheduled to be supported until April 2017). Support was extended to better accommodate business and corporate IT users of Ubuntu who operate on longer release cycles and are more conscious of the costs associated with frequent software upgrades. LTS releases get point releases to ensure that they work on newer hardware.The LTS releases can get LTS release upgrades with the first point versions. The 12.04 LTS release for instance gets the release upgrade with the 12.04.1 point release.
Ubuntu packages are based on packages from Debian's unstable branch: both distributions use Debian's deb package format and package management tools (APT and Ubuntu Software Center). Debian and Ubuntu packages are not necessarily binary compatible with each other, however, and sometimes .deb packages may need to be rebuilt from source to be used in Ubuntu. Many Ubuntu developers are also maintainers of key packages within Debian. Ubuntu cooperates with Debian by pushing changes back to Debian, although there has been criticism that this does not happen often enough. In the past, Ian Murdock, the founder of Debian, has expressed concern about Ubuntu packages potentially diverging too far from Debian to remain compatible.Before release, packages are imported from Debian Unstable continuously and merged with Ubuntu-specific modifications. A month before release, imports are frozen, and packagers then work to ensure that the frozen features interoperate well together.
Ubuntu is currently funded by Canonical Ltd. On 8 July 2005, Mark Shuttleworth and Canonical Ltd. announced the creation of the Ubuntu Foundation and provided an initial funding of US$10 million. The purpose of the foundation is to ensure the support and development for all future versions of Ubuntu. Mark Shuttleworth describes the foundation as an "emergency fund" (in case Canonical's involvement ends).
On 12 March 2009, Ubuntu announced developer support for 3rd party cloud management platforms, such as for those used at Amazon EC2.
The latest release is Ubuntu 12.10 (Quantal Quetzal), released on 18 October 2012.
Mark Shuttleworth announced on 31 October 2011 that Ubuntu's support for smartphones, tablets, TVs and smart screens is scheduled to be added by Ubuntu 14.04. On 9 January 2012, Canonical announced Ubuntu TV at the Consumer Electronics Show.
Features

Installation of Ubuntu is generally performed with the Live CD or a Live USB drive. The Ubuntu OS can run directly from the CD (although this is usually slower than running Ubuntu from an HDD), allowing a user to "test-drive" the OS for hardware compatibility and driver support. The CD also contains theUbiquity installer, which can then guide the user through the permanent installation process. CD images of all current and past versions are available for download at the Ubuntu web site. Installing from the CD requires a minimum of 256 MB of RAM.

Users can download a disk image (.iso) of the CD, which can then either be written to a physical medium (CD or DVD), or optionally run directly from a hard drive (via UNetbootin or GRUB). Ubuntu is also available on PowerPC, SPARC, and IA-64 platforms, although none are officially supported.
Canonical offered Ubuntu and Kubuntu Live installation CDs of the latest distribution of the operating system at no cost including paid postage for most destinations around the world via a service called ShipIt. This service closed in April 2011. The Canonical Store offers 5 CDs for £5.00. Various third-party programs such as remastersys and Reconstructor are available to create customised copies of the Ubuntu Live CDs.
Ubuntu and Kubuntu can be booted and run from a USB Flash drive (as long as the BIOS supports booting from USB), with the option of saving settings to the flashdrive. This allows a portable installation that can be run on any PC which is capable of booting from a USB drive. In newer versions of Ubuntu, the USB creator program is available to install Ubuntu on a USB drive (with or without a LiveCD disc).
Wubi, which is included as an option on the Live CD, allows Ubuntu to be installed and run from within a virtual Windows loop device (as a large image file that is managed like any other Windows program via the Windows Control Panel). This method requires no partitioning of a Windows user's hard drive. It incurs a slight performance loss and hibernation is not supported. The filesystem is also more vulnerable to hard reboots.

Package classification and support

Ubuntu divides all software into four domains to reflect differences in licensing and the degree of support available. Some unsupported applications receive updates from community members, but not from Canonical Ltd.

Ubuntu is composed of many software packages, the vast majority of which are distributed under a free software license. The only exceptions are some proprietary hardware drivers.The main license used is the GNU General Public License (GNU GPL) which, along with the GNU Lesser General Public License (GNU LGPL), explicitly declares that users are free to run, copy, distribute, study, change, develop and improve the software. On the other hand, there is also proprietary software available that can run on Ubuntu.
The Ubiquity installer allows Ubuntu to be installed to the hard disk from within the Live CD environment, without the need for restarting the computer prior to installation. Ubuntu also emphasizesaccessibility and internationalization to reach as many people as possible.[citation needed] Beginning with 5.04, UTF-8 became the default character encoding, which allows for support of a variety of non-Roman scripts.
As a security feature, the sudo tool is used to assign temporary privileges for performing administrative tasks, allowing the root account to remain locked, and preventing inexperienced users from inadvertently making catastrophic system changes or opening security holes. PolicyKit is also being widely implemented into the desktop to further harden the system through the principle of least privilege.
Ubuntu Desktop includes a graphical desktop environment. In versions prior to 11.04 the default GUI was GNOME Panel but it was dropped in favor of Unity, a graphical interface Canonical first developed for the Ubuntu Netbook Edition.
Ubuntu comes installed with a wide range of software that includes LibreOffice, Firefox, Thunderbird, Empathy, Transmission, and several lightweight games (such as Sudoku and chess). Additional software that is not installed by default (including software that used to be in the default installation such as Evolution, GIMP, Pidgin, and Synaptic) can be downloaded and installed using the Ubuntu Software Center or other apt-based package management tools. Programs in the Software Center are mostly free, but there are also priced products, including applications and magazines.
Ubuntu can close its own network ports using its own firewalls software. End-users can install Gufw (GUI for Uncomplicated Firewall) and keep it enabled. GNOME (the former default desktop) offers support for more than 46 languages.Ubuntu can also run many programs designed for Microsoft Windows (such as Microsoft Office), through Wine or using a Virtual Machine (such asVMware Workstation or VirtualBox).
Ubuntu compiles their packages using gcc features such as PIE and Buffer overflow protection to harden their software.These extra features greatly increase security at the performance expense of 1% in 32 bit and 0.01% in 64 bit.As of version 12.04, Ubuntu supports the ARM and x86 (32 bit and 64 bit) architectures. There is unofficial support for PowerPC.
System requirements

The system requirements vary among Ubuntu products. For the main Ubuntu desktop product, the official Ubuntu Documentation recommends a 1 GHz Pentium 4 with 512 megabytes of RAM and 5 gigabytes of hard drive space, or better. For less powerful computers, there are other Ubuntu distributions such as Lubuntu and Xubuntu.

	Free software	Non-free software
Supported	Main	Restricted
Unsupported	Universe	Multiverse

  

                                  
Installation      

Free software includes only software that has met the Ubuntu licensing requirements, which roughly correspond to the Debian Free Software Guidelines. Exceptions, however, include firmwareand fonts, in the Main category, because although they are not allowed to be modified, their distribution is otherwise unencumbered.[citation needed]
Non-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are made for important non-free software. Supported non-free software includes device drivers that can be used to run Ubuntu on some current hardware, such as binary-only graphics card drivers. The level of support in the Restricted category is more limited than that of Main, because the developers may not have access to the source code. It is intended that Main and Restricted should contain all software needed for a complete desktop environment. Alternative programs for the same tasks and programs for specialized applications are placed in the Universe and Multiverse categories.
In addition to the above, in which the software does not receive new features after an initial release, Ubuntu Backports is an officially recognized repository for backporting newer software from later versions of Ubuntu. The repository is not comprehensive; it consists primarily of user-requested packages, which are approved if they meet quality guidelines. Backports receives no support at all from Canonical, and is entirely community-maintained.
The -updates repository provides stable release updates (SRU) of Ubuntu and are generally installed through update-manager. Each release is given its own -updates repository (e.g. intrepid-updates). The repository is supported by Canonical Ltd. for packages in main and restricted, and by the community for packages in universe and multiverse. All updates to the repository must meet certain requirements and go through the -proposed repository before being made available to the public.Updates are scheduled to be available until the end of life for the release.
In addition to the -updates repository, the unstable -proposed repository contains uploads which must be confirmed before being copied into -updates. All updates must go through this process to ensure that the patch does truly fix the bug and there is no risk of regression. Updates in -proposed are confirmed by either Canonical or members of the community.
Canonical's partner repository lets vendors of proprietary software deliver their products to Ubuntu users at no cost through the same familiar tools for installing and upgrading software. The software in the partner repository is officially supported with security and other important updates by its respective vendors. Canonical supports the packaging of the software for Ubuntu and provides guidance to vendors. The partner repository is disabled by default and can be enabled by the user. Some popular products distributed via the partner repository as of November 2011are Adobe Flash Player, Adobe Reader, Braid and Oil Rush.

Availability of third-party software

See also: Medibuntu and GetDeb
Ubuntu has a certification system for third party software. Some third-party software that does not limit distribution is included in Ubuntu's multiverse component. The package ubuntu-restricted-extras additionally contains software that may be legally restricted, including support for MP3 and DVD playback, Microsoft TrueType core fonts, Sun's Java runtime environment,Adobe's Flash Player plugin, many common audio/video codecs, and unrar, an unarchiver for files compressed in the RAR file format.
Additionally, third party application suites are available for purchase through the Canonical web-based store, including software for DVD playback and media codecs.

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Uniqueness Which There Are Only in Japan

Uniqueness in Japan

1. In Japan, the number "4" and "9" out of favor, so there is often no room number "4" and "9". "4" is pronounced "shi" sound the same, which means "dead", and that "9" is pronounced "ku", which sounds the same, which means "kurushii / miserable".

2. Japanese people like the number "8". The prices of goods mostly ending in "8". Milk as 198 yen. But because the rule now requires that goods prices are listed should include taxes, so maybe this habit will disappear. (Market = yaoya = writing kanji reads happyaku-yes or store 800).

3. If summer, soap operas on TV often show smelling things spooky (ghost).

4. Detective in the TV drama, a siren (kyukyusha) usually appears in the early minutes. At the end of the story, before the fight like hell usually villains always tell all the secrets of the crime.

5. How to read Japanese text is twofold:
* The same as the book lettered Roman alphabet, the letters read from top to bottom.
* The second is from the far right column to the left, so that the front and back of the book against the Roman alphabet book (front page is in "the back").

6. We (Indonesia) and colleagues from Southeast Asia generally when introducing myself (jiko-shokai) often begin with "minasan, konnichiwa" or "minasan, konbanwa". Perhaps this is because the Indonesian habit to always start a speech with a congratulatory dinner, etc.. But it turned out to be awkward for the hearing of the Japanese, because it is similar to the news on television. Should begin by directly calling name and affiliation. For example, "Tanaka Ken M1 Anto no desu .... etc..", No need to "Minasan .. konnichiwa ...".

7. The first difficulty that appears in the administrative affairs in Japan, when asked what is your family name?, Because we are not obliged in Indonesia and South East Asia to include the family name.

8. If we get an invitation that asks you to confirm attendance or not, usually we have to send a postcard back. One manner is crossed out letters 御 a choice: 御 欠 席 / 出席. Also crossed suffix 様 on our behalf listed as the sender on the postcard. It is a Japanese custom, so we are always humble, as indicated by the dodge / strike 御 and 様 the reply postcard.

9. If we sign, sometimes it will ask the Japanese people: it's reading what? If the Japanese when necessary signature (example : passport, etc..) Generally write their names in kanji, so it can be read clearly. While we usually make abbreviations or graffiti / initials so that can not be copied / read by others.

10. TV show in Japan is dominated by cooking.

11. Copies of Japan's self-service, while in Indonesia, in-service.

12. If you take a taxi in Japan, the door is opened and closed by the driver. Passengers are not allowed to open and close it himself.

13. Signature in Japan almost never apply for formal purposes, but must use the stamp (hanko / Inkan). Type hanko in Japan:

* Jitsu-in, is Inkan used for essential purposes, such as buying a house, buying a car, etc.. This type need not be registered to Shiyakusho (patented).

* Gingko-in, is a kind of special Inkan used to create an account in the bank. This type need not be registered to the bank.

* Mitome-in, used for everyday purposes and need not be registered.

So one person sometimes has some kind Inkan, for various purposes.

14. Ride your bike should not lift (except the kids give a lift). (道路 交通 法 57 条 第 2 项 规则 9 条 乘车 人员 制 限 违反 -> lift the bike should not be used, except that give a lift over the age of 16 years and children in ride on a bicycle less than a year old and the only one who is in the ride on a bicycle. If violated, a maximum penalty of 20 thousand yen.

15. Invitation eat together does not necessarily mean you are treated to, but can be paid for individually.

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