The word "Linux" for now familiar to Internet users and the community of students who have a hobby to try out the new software. Technically and short it can be said, Linux is an operating system that is multi-user and multi-tasking, which can run on various platforms, including the Intel 386 processor or higher. The operating system implements the POSIX standard. Linux can interoperated well with other operating systems, including Apple, Microsoft and Novel.
History and Basic Design GNU / Linux:
Linux is an operating system that is very similar to UNIX systems, because it is the main objective of the project design Linux is a UNIX compatible. History of Linux began in 1991, when the students of the University of Helsinki, Finland named Linus Benedict Torvalds wrote Linux, a kernel for the 80386 processor, 32-bit processor intel CPU first in a collection that is suitable for PC.
In early development, the Linux source code is freely available over the internet. As a result, the development of Linux is a collaboration of users from around the world, everything is done exclusively through the Internet. Starting from the initial kernel implements only a small subset of UNIX systems, Linux systems today have grown so as to incorporate many UNIX functions.
Different Linux kernel Linux system. The Linux kernel is an original software made by the Linux community, while the Linux system, which is known today, contains many components made or borrowed from other development projects.
Linux Kernel
The Linux kernel is the first published version 0.01, on March 14, 1991. The file system supported only the Minix file system. The first kernel is based on the framework of Minix (small UNIX system developed by Andy Tanenbaum). However, the kernel already implements the appropriate UNIX.
On March 14, 1994 released version 1.0, which is a milestone in the history of Linux. This version is the culmination of three years of rapid development of the Linux kernel. The biggest new feature is provided by the network. Version 1.0 is able to support standard network protocol TCP / IP. Kernel 1.0 has a better file system without restrictions Minix file system. Some extra hardware support is also included in this release. Hardware support has been developed including the floppy-disk, CD-ROM, sound card, a variety of mouse, keyboard and internationally. Support is also given to a dynamically loadable kernel module and unloadable.
One year after version 1.0 was released, kernel 1.2 came out. Kernel version 1.2 supports a variety of hardware broader. Developers have renewed the networking stack to provide support for IPX protocols, and make IP implementations by providing a more complete accounting functionality and firewalling. Kernel 1.2 is a Linux kernel last PC-only. The concentration is given on the support of hardware and reproduce the full implementation of existing functions.
Finally, in June 1996, Linux 2.0 was released. Version 2.0 has two important new capabilities, that support multiple architecture and multiprocessor architectures. The code for memory management has been improved so that the performance of the file system and virtual memory increases. For the first time, file system caching is developed to networked file systems, has also been supported writable memory mapped regions. Kernel 2.0 has given the performance of TCP / IP is better, coupled with a number of new network protocols. The ability to use remote netware and SMB (Microsoft LanManager) network volumes have also been added to this latest version. Other additional internal support kernel threads, the handling of dependencies between loadable modules, and automatic loading modules on demand (on demand). Dynamic configuration of the kernel at run time has been improved through the new interface and configuration standards.
Linux System
In many ways, the Linux kernel is the core of the Linux project, but that other components to form a complete Linux operating system. Where the Linux kernel consists of code created specifically for the Linux project, most of the supporting software is not exclusive to Linux, but commonly used in several UNIX-like operating systems. For example, from Berkeley BSD operating system, the X Window System from MIT, and the GNU project of the Free Software Foundation.
Division (sharing) tools have been working in two directions. The main library system Linux was originally started by the GNU project, but the development of the library improved through the cooperation of the Linux community, especially in addressing, inefficiency, and bugs. Other components such as the GNU C compiler, gcc, the quality is high enough for direct use in Linux. Network administration tools under Linux comes from the code developed for 4.3 BSD, but the newer BSD, FreeBSD one, contrary to borrow code from Linux, for example, is the Intel math library floating-point emulation.
Linux system as a whole is not strictly supervised by a network consisting of the developers via the internet, with small groups or individuals who have the responsibility for maintaining the integrity of the special components. Documents 'File System Hierarchy Standard' is also maintained by the Linux community to maintain the compatibility of all components of the system are different. This rule determines the overall design of a standard Linux file system.
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